欧亚种葡萄设施栽培技术

叙述了葡萄避雨栽培简易大棚的结构和双十字V形整枝技术；采用石灰氮处理并在1月中、下旬的覆膜技术，打破葡萄的休眠期，促使提早萌芽结果，同时通过棚内光照、温度、湿度的调节，结合施肥，整形修剪等配套技术，达到葡萄的优质、稳产、高产。     

内蒙古地区暖棚养羊的必要性和太阳能采暖的应用

内蒙古大部分地区的严寒季节长达6~7个月,受寒冷气候条件的影响,散养羊生长缓慢,饲料消耗量增加,掉膘现象严重,产羔率和羔羊成活率也受到严重影响,大大降低了养羊的经济效益。建筑暖棚不仅能提供充足的热能,还可防止羊只掉膘。但是,常用的取暖方式以燃烧木材、煤或羊粪砖为主,存在着污染环境的隐患,并会受资源短缺的限制。太阳能作为一种新能源,是人类可以利用的最丰富的能源,可以就地开发利用,不存在运输问题,是一种洁净的能源,不会造成污染和公害。因此,利用太阳能采暖和暖棚养羊能够推动畜牧业向健康、高效、资源节约的合理方向发展。     

气候与种植结构变化对温室气体排放及灌溉需水的影响

针对气候变化和种植结构调整对黄淮海地区农业生产作用不明晰的问题,基于反硝化分解模型(Denitrification-decomposition, DNDC),采用情景分析法评估了气候与种植结构变化对黄淮海地区农业温室气体(CO₂、CH₄和N₂O)排放和灌溉需水量的影响。结果表明：从1995年到2015年,研究区气候向暖湿化方向发展,其中年均最高温度无显著变化,年均最低温度上升0.7℃,年降水量增长46.5 mm; 1995年研究区玉米、小麦和水稻种植面积分别约为7.9×10⁶、1.4×10⁷、2.9×10⁶ hm²;2015年3种作物种植面积均增大,而水稻、小麦种植比例减小。气候变化影响下,黄淮海地区农业温室气体排放增加,灌溉需水量小幅减小。与1995年相比,2015年CO₂、CH₄、N₂O排放强度分别增长至3 730.5、443.2、5.9 kg/hm²     

Methane emissions and δ13C composition from beef steers consuming increasing proportions of sericea lespedeza hay on bermudagrass hay diets

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of different proportions of ‘Au Grazer’ sericea lespedeza [SL, Lespedeza cuneata (Dum. Cours.) G. Don], a legume rich in condensed tannins (CT), on nutrient intake and digestibility, and to estimate methane (CH₄) emissions and ¹³C isotopic composition (δ¹³C_CH4) from beef steers consuming a forage-based diet. Twenty-five Angus-crossbred steers were distributed in a randomized complete block design (344 ± 48 kg initial BW), and randomly assigned to one of five treatments: 0SL, 25SL, 50SL, 75SL, and 100SL, diets containing 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of SL hay, respectively, mixed with ‘Tifton-85’ bermudagrass hay (Cynodon spp.). The study was carried out for two experimental periods of 21-d each. The statistical model included the fixed effect of treatment and random effects of block, experimental period, and their interaction. Apparent total tract digestibility of crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber was linearly decreased (P < 0.001) by the inclusion of SL. No effects were observed for total CH₄ emissions per day, nor for CH₄ relative to organic matter intake or digestible organic matter with the inclusion of SL. However, emission of CH₄ in relation to intake of CT was affected by treatment (P < 0.001). A linear (P < 0.001) decrease and a quadratic effect (P < 0.001) were observed for δ¹³C of diets and gas, respectively, in which diets and enteric CH₄ with greater inclusion of SL were more depleted in ¹³C. Moreover, the difference in δ¹³C between diets and gas (Δδ¹³C) had a linear decrease (P = 0.001) with the inclusion of SL. The model developed to predict the C₃ proportions in the enteric CH₄ fitted to predicted values (P < 0.0001). Therefore, greater proportions of SL resulted in lesser CH₄ emission when CT intake was considered and the isotopic composition from enteric CH₄ was able to predict the contribution of SL in the emissions.     

Report of resistance to the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid in Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

Susceptibilities of UK and mainland European samples of Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) to the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid were investigated over a 7 year period. All 24 strains collected between 1997 and 2003 showed similar baseline levels of susceptibility to that of a known susceptible laboratory strain when exposed to a diagnostic concentration (128 mg L(-1)) of formulated imidacloprid. Two samples collected during 2004, one from the UK and one from The Netherlands, demonstrated reduced susceptibility at this concentration. Using dose-response assays, the presence of resistant individuals was disclosed in both these strains; some individuals were unaffected at doses high enough to induce phytotoxic effects. This report represents the first confirmed cases of neonicotinoid resistance inducing control failures in T. vaporariorum, and highlights a need for careful vigilance to sustain the effectiveness of imidacloprid and related neonicotinoid insecticides.     

ROUTE DEVELOPMENT,ANTIVIRAL STUDIES,FIELD EVALUATION AND TOXICITY OF AN ANTIVIRAL PLANT PROTECTANT NK0238

• Developed a two-step synthetic route to anti-plant-virus candidate NK0238. • NK0238 exhibited a broad antivirus spectrum in greenhouse. • NK0238 showed comparable antivirus activities as controls in field trials. • NK0238 was safe to birds, fish, bees and silkworms. • NK0238 has a very good prospect in commercial development. It has previously been shown that tryptophan, the biosynthesis precursor of Peganum harmala alkaloids, and its derivatives have anti-TMV activity both in vitro and in vivo. Further exploration of this led to the identification of NK0238 as a highly effective agent for the prevention and control of diseases caused by plant viruses, but the existing routes are unsuitable for its large-scale synthesis. This study optimized a route for two-step synthesis of this virucide candidate via reaction of l-tryptophan with triphosgene to produce l-tryptophan-N-carboxylic anhydride, which then reacts with n-octylamine to give NK0238 at up to 94% yield and nearly 97% HPLC purity. In addition, the route was used for the preparation of NK0238 on a>40 g scale permitting further assessment of its antivirus activity in the greenhouse and field experiments, and toxicity tests. NK0238 exhibited useful antiviral activities against a variety of viruses both in greenhouse and field experiments. The toxicity tests showed that NK0238 was not acutely toxic to birds, fish, honey bees and silkworms. The optimized route provides a solid foundation for its large-scale synthesis and subsequent efficacy and toxicity studies, its excellent activity and safety make NK0238 a promising drug candidate for further development.     

氮磷钾配施对戈壁日光温室基质槽培番茄产量和品质的影响

【目的】研究氮、磷、钾肥配施对戈壁日光温室有机基质槽培番茄产量和品质的影响,以探明基质槽培番茄高产优质的适宜氮、磷、钾施用量及配比。【方法】在戈壁日光温室有机基质槽培条件下,以番茄品种吉诺比利为试材,采用氮磷钾3因素5水平正交旋转组合设计,共计20个处理,测定不同施肥处理番茄的产量与品质,然后以氮、磷、钾肥施用量的编码值为自变量,番茄的产量与品质综合评分为因变量进行二次多项式回归分析,得到氮、磷、钾肥与番茄产量和品质之间的回归模型,在此基础上,对氮、磷、钾肥进行主效因子、单因子以及互作效应分析,最终确定了番茄高产优质的氮、磷、钾肥施用量及配比。【结果】建立了氮、磷、钾肥施用量编码值与番茄产量和品质综合评分之间的回归模型,经F检验可知回归关系达极显著水平。主效因子分析结果显示,3种肥料因子对番茄产量和品质的影响均以氮肥最大,钾肥次之,磷肥较小,表明氮是影响戈壁日光温室有机基质槽培番茄产量和品质的首要因素。单因子效应分析结果显示,随着氮、磷、钾施肥量的增加,番茄产量和品质综合评分均先增加后降低。互作效应分析结果显示,氮磷、磷钾、氮钾之间的互作效应对番茄产量的影响达到了极显著水平。利用模型决策分析表明,戈壁日光温室秋冬茬基质槽培番茄目标产量大于80 000 kg/hm²时的施肥方案为：N 284~367 kg/hm²,P₂O₅ 173~228 kg/hm²,K₂O 437~566 kg/hm²;番茄品质综合评分超85分的优化施肥方案为：N 311~407 kg/hm²,P₂O₅ 221~291 kg/hm²,K₂O 454~592 kg/hm²。【结论】戈壁日光温室有机基质槽培番茄产量大于80 000 kg/hm²、品质综合评分超85分的施肥方案为：N 311~367 kg/hm²,P₂O₅ 221~228 kg/hm²,K₂O 454~566 kg/hm²,适宜的 N、P₂O₅、K₂O施用量之比约为1∶0.66∶1.50。     

稻秆及稻秆生物炭添加对稻田红壤有机碳组分及CH4和CO2累积排放量的影响

为明确稻秆生物炭添加对稻田红壤有机碳组分及CH₄和CO₂累积排放量的影响过程与机制,本研究以稻田红壤为对象,通过室内培养试验,按土壤质量的1%等碳添加量设置对照(CK)、稻秆(RS)及300、400℃和500℃下制备的稻秆生物炭(RSB300、RSB400、RSB500)5个处理,对比分析了稻秆及稻秆生物炭添加0、30 d与120 d时,稻田红壤中可溶性有机碳(DOC)、总有机碳(TOC)、游离态粗颗粒有机碳(fcPOC)、游离态细颗粒有机碳(ffPOC)、闭蓄态颗粒有机碳(oPOC)、游离态矿物结合态有机碳(fMOC)及闭蓄态矿物结合态有机碳(oMOC)的变化差异,并探讨了稻田红壤CH₄和CO₂累积排放量与各有机碳组分含量的相关关系。结果表明:稻秆生物炭添加后稻田红壤中DOC、TOC、fcPOC、ffPOC、oPOC和fMOC含量均显著增加;其中,oPOC与oMOC含量随着培养时间的增加而显著增加,但fcPOC与fMOC含量则显著降低(P<0.05)。与CK处理相比,RS处理的稻田红壤中CH₄和CO₂的累积排放量均显著且持续增加;RSB各处理的稻田红壤中CO₂的累积排放量显著降低;只有RSB300和RSB400处理的稻田红壤中CH₄的累积排放量显著增加,且在培养120 d时分别增加了188.5%和32.7%(P<0.05)。相关性分析表明,添加稻秆及稻秆生物炭的稻田红壤中CH₄和CO₂累积排放量虽与DOC、ffPOC和fcPOC含量均呈极显著正相关关系,但其中DOC和fcPOC含量起主导作用(P<0.01)。研究表明,添加稻秆生物炭可以有效提高稻田红壤中各有机碳组分的含量与稳定性,且500℃热解制备的稻秆生物炭添加对稻田红壤中CH₄、CO₂累积排放量抑制效果最好。     

不同叶背补光模式对戈壁温室番茄品质的影响

【目的】研究南疆戈壁日光温室内不同叶背补光模式对番茄果实品质的影响,以获得适合该地区设施番茄生产的经济最适补光模式。【方法】 以NS3389番茄作为材料,LED为补光光源,于08:00~22:00期间内,以无补光处理为空白对照(CK),并设置3种叶背补光模式:T₁,100 μmol/(m²·s)持续补光;T₂,揭帘之前与盖帘之后200 μmol/(m²·s)间歇补光;T₃,揭帘后室内光强低于150 μmol/(m²·s)时按照100 μmol/(m²·s)自动补光。【结果】 T₂和T₃下番茄果实的可溶性固形物含量、总酸含量以及糖酸比均高于其他处理;T₂处理下番茄果实中可溶性蛋白、抗坏血酸(VC)、番茄红素和挥发性物质含量最高。【结论】 揭帘前后的适度高光强补光模式(T₂处理)较适合南疆地区戈壁温室高品质番茄生产。     

不同鲜食葡萄品种裂果特性分析

【目的】 研究新疆主栽鲜食葡萄品种裂果特性差异和引起裂果生理原因,分析鲜食葡萄品种裂果特性差异,为生产过程中降低裂果发生率生产调控措施的选择提供理论依据。【方法】 以无核白、无核紫、无核白鸡心、新郁等12个鲜食葡萄品种为研究对象,分析成熟期浸水诱导裂果,对不同鲜食葡萄品种的裂果特性,通过石蜡切片测定果皮细胞结构特征,测定果皮强度、果胶、原果胶、纤维素等细胞壁结构物质含量及代谢关键酶活性。【结果】 不同鲜食葡萄品种裂果特性存在显著差异,浸水24 h裂果率分布在0~80%,12个品种可以分成4个裂果特性差异类群,其中极易裂果类群包括里扎玛特1个品种,易裂果类群包括新郁、无核白2个品种;较易裂果品种包括火州黑玉、新雅、无核白鸡心、无核紫4个品种,耐裂果类群包括红地球、京亚、夏黑、维多利亚、火焰无核5个品种。【结论】 果皮角质层完整性,果皮、亚果皮细胞大小和排列紧密度与果实易裂程度密切相关;水溶性果胶含量、水溶性果胶与原果胶比值与鲜食葡萄品种易裂性呈极显著的正相关关系;果皮强度、纤维素含量均与鲜食葡萄品种易裂性呈极显著负相关关系。